July-Sept 2021
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Identification of Honeybees, Apis Mellifera L. Based on Some Morphometric Analysis
Ashgan A. Abougabal, Mustafa Ib. Abdullah, Nadia M. Kh. Hassona and Nader R.
Abdelsalam
ABSTRACT:
The honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) one of the most vital societal insects. The importance of honeybee is
the major pollinators, agricultural productions and honey production in worldwide. Nine different
districts were randomly selected from El-Beheira governorate, Egypt to assess the subspecies and
identification percent of mixing among colonies via estimating cubital index characters to determinate
honeybees’ races. Overall means were 2.52. Analysis of variance is highly Significant differences (P
value =0.00) at according to Tukey's Studied Range (HSD) test (α=0.05) for the different locations.
overall percentage for previous districts, the highest percent was 28.51% for the group of A. m. ligustica
or A, m. carnica, 21.54% for A. m. mellifera. Also, the category of A. m. lamarkii percentage is 17.13%.
Furthermore, A. m. yemenitica or syriaca category, multiplied by the percentage of 16.41%. The
percentage of 16.41% for the of Apis mellifera spp. we indicate that the Egyptian honeybee "A.m.
lamarkii" percentage was lower than A. m. carnica and A. m. ligustica in Egypt.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 813-819 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.54
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Evaluation of Lead Deposit and Fertility Indices of Lowland Rice Fields in Rock
Mining Areas of Ishiagu, Southeastern Nigeria
Nwite J.C and B.O. Unagwu
ABSTRACT:
The present study assessed the effect of quarrying on topsoil lead deposit and selected soil fertility
indices of lowland rice fields in Ishaigu, Ebonyi State. A purposeful sampling technique was used in
selecting the locations evaluated in this study. The locations were: Danger zone, which is where
industrial waste waters/ effluents are discharged to, Ngwogwo and Okue locations are the mining areas,
while Ovumte served as the control location. Two sets of factors used in this study were: four locations
(Factor A) which constitute the main plot and three toposequence positions (upper, middle and bottom)
(Factor B) which served as the sub-plots. Nine soil auger samples were collected randomly from each
of the locations at 0 to 40 cm depth. Soil parameters were evaluated; soil pH, organic carbon, total
nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and lead concentration. Results showed that lowlands of danger
zone had the highest (0.075 mg/kg, p < 0.05) lead deposit while Ovumte recorded the least (0.015
mg/kg, p < 0.05) lead deposit. Results also revealed that other soil parameters studied were significantly
(p < 0.05) higher in Ovumte lowland area than those other lowlands around the Crush Rock Industry.
Based on Bowen (1979) and EU lead recommended level (35 mg/kg), lead contamination is no threat
to lives and agricultural production across the study locations. However, the soil quality for crop
production is compromised. This suggests that mining operations by Crush Rock industry impact
negatively on the fertility indices of the study area.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 820-826 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.55
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Evaluation of Selected Agricultural Extension Approaches Operating in the Sudan
Ahmed M. Abdel Rahman, Musa H. Elfaki and Elbadawi K. H. Khalifa
ABSTRACT:
The main objective of this study is to evaluate selected agricultural extension approaches operating in
Sudan to recommend the suitable ones to suit the conditions of the country. Field surveys were used to
collect data from 160 extensionists and 400 farmers. Two types of close-ended questionnaires were
constructed and used in data collection. The collected data were coded, fed to the computer, and
statistically analyzed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS), discussed and
interpreted using percentage, frequency distribution, and the F Test. The results showed that the FFS
approach is the suitable one for Sudan conditions among the selected approaches operating in the
country. From the present study, it can be concluded that the FFS approach is a superior approach in
the majority variables of the study and with minor improvements FFS approach can be more appropriate
for Sudan conditions.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 827-841 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.56
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Comparison between Agricultural Biogas Systems in Relation to Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Mona Maze, Omar Hijazi, Bianca Zerhusen and Mathias Effenberger
ABSTRACT:
The utilization of the different renewable energy sources in Germany has expanded in the last twenty
years, where the renewable share in gross power consumption has gone from 5% to 35%. The
construction of biogas plants has increased almost 10 times since 2000 to 2018 that the installed
electrical power reached close to 5 GW. This paper presents an evaluation of the Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) of four biogas plants in different soil climate regions in Bavaria. The article discusses the
different utilization, management and share of feedstocks (manure and energy crops) in the biogas
plants and their influence on the electricity generation and the GHG emissions, whereas the biogas plant
with higher share of energy crops and maize silage, in particular, showed higher GHG emissions and
generated more electricity than the biogas plants with higher share of manure. The produced GHG
emissions as a result of the electricity and heat supply from the biogas plants have been compared with
the emissions that are created from the German grid mix and the different fossil fuels for generating
electricity and heat. The results could be further employed to select the best agricultural biogas system
with minimum GHG emissions in Egypt.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 842-851 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.57
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Pedological features of some Western Delta soils, Egypt and their relationships with
different taxonomic systems
Zayed A.M.A., Al-Toukhy A.A. and El-Tapey H.M.A.
ABSTRACT:
Soil Western Delta under consideration is situated between latitudes 30o 10` 00`` and 30o 37` 30`` North
and longitudes 30o 05` 00`` and 30o 47` 30`` East and comprises an area of about 274,540.9 feddans.
The pedological features and soil properties were studied according to delineation of physiographic
units using remote sensing techniques. There are two main physiographic units as follows : 1) River
terraces which includes two sub-units, i.e., the oldest river terraces, and river terraces of deltaic stage,
these sub-units soil represent about 28.82 and 24.15 % of the total area, respectively. 2) Wadi El-Natrun
complex which includes five sub-units, i.e., transition soils, gullies soils, windblown soils (soils of sand
dunes), isolated plateau, and water body (lake depression ), these soils occupy about 21.30, 14.11,
5.81, 1.90 and 3.90 % of the total area . The current study were carried out by three classification
systems, i.e., USDA, (2014), FAO ( 2006 ) and FAO ( 2015) and discussed some relationships between
the previous classification systems which reflects the importance of applying both FAO and USDA
systems to cover most of soil properties. We belief that both systems are in complementary.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 852-865 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.58
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Climatic changes and their effects on physiological and nutritional status of crop
plants: importance and Strategies. A review
Abou Seeda M.A., Abou El-Nour E.A.A., Yassen A.A., and Sahar M. Zaghlou l
ABSTRACT:
Climate change represents one of the greatest research challenges currently faced by plant biologists,
agronomists and conservation biologists. Greenhouse gas emissions set to continue to rise for the near
future. Impact of elevated atmospheric eCO2 and associated shifts in temperature and precipitation are
all expected to impact plant ecophysiology, distribution and interactions with other organisms. Climate
change such as drought, flood, high temperature, storm etc. are increased dramatically. Climate change
has both direct and indirect impacts on agricultural production systems. Direct impacts include effects
caused by a modification of physical characteristics e.g. temperature levels and rainfall distribution on
specific agricultural production systems. Indirect impacts are those that affect production through
changes on other species such as pollinators, pests, disease vectors and invasive species. These indirect
effects can play a major role. They are much more difficult to assess and project given the high number
of interacting parameters and links, many of which are still unknown. Climate change influences food
security in a very complicated manner, it hampers the agricultural yield directly by means of disturbing
the agro-ecological environment and indirectly by putting pressure on growth and circulation of income
and consequently, increased the necessity of agricultural products. Impacts of climate change on food
security have been calculated in several ways. Consequently, due to climate changes, many regions of
cultivated land may become unsuitable for cultivation, and other tropical regions may produce more
crops. Temperature instability will also provide more favorable environmental conditions for insect,
pests of crops to boost their capacity to stay alive in cold temperatures and then emerge in outbreaks in
spring. It is very crucial to observe that in case of food accessibility, all recent calculations for food
security and safety have concentrated mainly on the effects of climate change in ways that did not
measure the probability of substantial alteration in the rate of climate extremes on crop productivity.
The atmospheric eCO2 levels have been progressing from the 280 ppm, preindustrial reference levels
to current global levels exceed now above 400 ppm. Although the increasing concentration of
atmospheric eCO2 is the main driver of harmful anthropogenic. Climate change, it can also improve
crop performance by increasing rates of photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE), particularly
in C3 plants. The putative positive effect in agriculture is in fact denoted to as the “CO2 fertilization
effect” This effect has already been observed in crop plants and vegetables. However, longer treatments
with eCO2 might lead to photosynthetic acclimation, due to increased soluble sugars leading to an
imbalanced C: N ratio, accelerated leaf senescence and/or limited growth rate.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 866-936 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.59
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The Important Roles of Parks and Gardens in the Quality of Life. A Review
Suad K. Ahmed and Mahmood E. Yagi
ABSTRACT:
Parks are considered as one of the important land usage, especially after the steady increase in
population number that followed by vertical and horizontal expansion in housing, and the industrial
growth which result in environmental pollution that negatively affect human health, productivity and
the national income. Thus Parks are being one of the spaces that combine the activities of psychological
comfort, pleasure, sports and aesthetic in addition to the economical, environmental, social and health
benefits, which enhance individual, family and community wellbeing. In Sudan which is not exception
from the other societies and due to civilization and social developments, barks gain greater popularity.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 937-944 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.60
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Functional and Numerical Responses of Cydnoseius negevi (Swirskii & Amitai) on Aceria melongenus (Zaher & Abou-Awad) (Acari: Phytoseiidae: Eriophyidae)
Infesting Eggplant
B. A. Abou-Awad, B. M. Farahat, D. M. Hassan and S.I. Afia
ABSTRACT:
Life table parameters, functional and numerical responses of the phytoseiid predator Cydnoseius negevi
(Swirski & Amitai) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on densities of its prey Aceria melongenus (Zaher & Abou-
Awad) (Acari: Eriophyidae) were studied under controlled temperature (31 ˚C), relative humidity (45%)
and photoperiod (16:8 L & D). Prey is one of the major species of pest mites on the eggplant cultivations
in Egypt. This study evaluated the predatory abilities fed on moving stages of eriophyid prey at densities
10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 individuals. The results declared that the prey significantly affected development,
female longevity, sex ratio, fecundity and predatory efficiency of C. negevi. At densities 60 and 80
individuals of prey, higher fecundities were reported (2.58 and 2.62 eggs/daily rate, respectively). At
the same conditions, population of the predator could multiply 35.33 and 35.93, (Ro=35.33 and 35.93)
in a generation time of 17.01 and 17.04 days (T= 17.01 and 17.04) when the predator fed on the prey,
respectively. The attack rate (a)/the handing time (Th) or (a/Th) values indicate that C. negevi was
effective against eriophyid prey. Prey as well, is a better diet for the predator in terms rm, erm, GRR, DT
and ARI. Therefore, we consider that the potential of C. negevi could confirmed as a biological control
agent of the harmful eriophyid prey A. melongenus on eggplant cultivars.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 945-953 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.61
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Evaluating the Yield Advantage of Using Rhizobium Inoculant in Improved Varieties
of Soybean and Beans
Otim Godfrey Anyoni, Obong Samson, Otim Bosco, Abdoulaye Fofana Fall,
Komakech Alfred, Akuru Grace and Laban F. Turyagyenda
ABSTRACT:
The on-farm average yield of soybean (Glycine max) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) are 1t/ha and
0.8t/ha respectively. This is nearly a third of the potential yield, which is attributed to a number of
factors including poor nodulation with the native rhizobia available in the soil. This study was done to
assess the yield advantage for inoculation of selected improved soybean and bean varieties with
Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv phaseoli respectively, on-station in lira
and at five on-farm sites for two seasons. The study sites were located in the districts of Agago, Omoro,
Kitgum, Amuru and Lamwo. The mother baby trial methodology was used to conduct participatory
adaptive research. A randomized complete Block design was used for on-station trials. The trials
included evaluating response of three improved inoculated and uninnoculated soybean and bean
varieties in each commodity against a local check. Results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for
both inoculated improved soybean and bean varieties. Inoculation of improved bean varieties
significantly (p < 0.05) increased nodule numbers per plant, but was not significant for number of pods
per plant. Also inoculation of improved soybean varieties significantly increased nodule numbers per
plant, but was insignificant for number of pods per plant. Grain yield was also significantly (p < 0.05)
higher in inoculated plots as compared to un-inoculated plots. Inoculation significantly increased yield
in selected improved varieties in soybean and beans on average by 22.3% and 15%, respectively. In
soybean MAKSOY 1N, MAKSOY 5N, MAKSOY 3N and LOCAL varieties were respectively
improved by 14.13%, 23.33%, 64.40% and 42.8% compared to the non-inoculated controls. In beans
NARO BEAN1, NARO BEAN2, NABE4 and LOCAL were respectively improved by 19.71%,
14.50%, 7.84% and 16.27% compared to the non-inoculated controls. It can be concluded that MAKBIO-
FIXER inoculum containing Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv
phaseoli as an efficient approach for improving the nodulation process and increasing grain legume
yield for selected improved varieties in soybean and beans respectively. Therefore, the use of these
inoculum to enhance yield in these varieties can be recommended.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 954-963 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.62
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A Model for Study of Some Soils Properties Adjacent to El Kharga - Baris Road,
Egypt
Moamen M. El Kady
ABSTRACT:
Egypt targets to increase agricultural production by 30% in 2024 and, that will lead to enhancement of
income of small farmers, whilst increasing exports. Hence, the Egyptian government is constantly
striving to find out new land resources for agriculture. The study area, covering an area of 1000 fed.,
was chosen as a model for investigating and evaluating some soils adjacent to the west of El Kharga -
Baris road, New Valley Governorate. Also, for generalizing results of the study to other soils that have the same pedological characteristics. Therefore, this paper aimed to (i) understand soil properties, (ii)
characterize of soil types and their spatial distribution based on a semi-detailed grid sampling technique,
and (iii) appraise of the investigated land resources for agriculture. The research area is situated between
30°32'35.4 to 30°33'45.3"E and 25°00'27.4" to 25°01'49.3"N. The soils are could be divided to, (1) deep
coarse-textured soils which covered 2.89% of the studied area, (2) deep moderately-fine textured soils
with a sandy surface; 47.38%, (3) deep to moderately deep moderately-fine textured soils with gypsum
hardpan and sandy surface; 39.77%, and (4) shallow coarse-textured soils; 6%. The soils could be
evaluated based on capability into classes II, III, and VI represented 3.55, 86.58, and 6%, respectively.
The results referred that, 90.13% of the studied area is suitable for agriculture with moderate to special
conservation practices. Thus, the proposed practices are concern with in establishing featured systems
of subsurface drainage and irrigation that can alleviate the constraints of agricultural production and
enhance the prolificacy.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 964-981 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.63
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Effect of Roller Ginning on Fiber and Yarn Properties of Some Egyptian cotton
Varieties
Ahmed H.S.A., W.M.B. Yehia, M.A. Al-Ameer, A.A. Hassan and A.E. Saad-Allah
ABSTRACT:
Since 1965 the rotary knife gin stand replaced gradually the reciprocating knife one and this objective
drew the attention of a considerable group of investigators. So, this investigation was carried out in
Cotton Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt, during the season of 2020. By
randomized complete block design and factorial design expiate by four replicate. The aim of this study
to investigate the effect of long staple, Extra-long staple and extra-long extra fine of Egyptian cotton
varieties (Gossypium barbadense L.) and their interaction with ginning wheels, also effect of ginning
on fiber properties, yarns strength, yarn evenness and neps count at the ring spinning system 40 and
60 s carded count yarns at 3.6 and 4 (T.M.) for tests of yarn properties. In this investigation used their
varieties belong to extra-long extra fine i.e. Giza 45, Giza 87 and Giza 93, where Giza 88, Giza 92 and
Giza 96, belong to extra-long staple Giza 86, Giza 90 ,Giza 94, Giza 95, Giza 97 and the promising
cross ((Giza 83 x Giza 80) x Giza 89 ) x A107) belong to long staple. The fiber parameters were tested
with HVI test equipment. The data for yield, fiber and ginning traits were analyzed by package M. Stat
program for tested results. Lint percentage, fiber length and short fiber index is also very important
parameter which influences ginned. The obtained results showed that the ginning parameters were
affected significantly by the cotton variety. While, the lint cotton was insignificantly affected. The all
studied traits measured by HVI were significantly differences by cotton variety, except the upper half
mean length, short fiber content were differences insignificantly. While, the upper half mean length
and short fiber index were significantly affected. The interaction among the three studied factors i.e.:
ginning area, ginning methods and cotton varieties was significant for fiber uniformity index, yarns
strength, yarn evenness and neps count. This study exerts out to do treatment and evaluate gin type
and recommendation the superior type one staple for different Egyptian cotton varieties.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 982-995 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.64
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Integration Effect of Enterobacter cloacae and Paenibacillus polymyxa with Mineral
Fertilizers on Nutrients Uptake, Productivity and Soil Borne Pathogens of Maize and
Wheat Plants
El-Saied R.M., Ehsan M. Rashad and Alaa F. AlBakry
ABSTRACT:
Two experiments were carried out; the first one was conducted in vitro to assay antifungal activity of
Enterobacter cloacae strain LC07192 and Paenibacillus polymyxa against Fusarium verticillioides, the
ear rot pathogen of maize plants and Bipolaris sorokiniana, the black point pathogen of wheat. The
second experiment was conducted in the field at the private farm in Al-Dakahlia governorate to evaluate
too the effect of previous mentioned bacterial strains as phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria
in utilizing fertilizers either chemical ″super phosphate, potassium sulfate″ or natural alternative
minerals ″rock phosphate, feldspar″ on growth, diseases incidence, yield characters and chemical
composition of maize and wheat grown in a sequence seasons during 2019-2020. In addition, the
available of nutrients post-harvest of maize and wheat. Results showed that in vitro, two bacterial strains
showed a pronounced reduction of mycelial growth of both pathogens. Under field condition, the
significant increase in growth and yield of maize were presented by the combination between two
bacterial strains with classical soluble fertilizers. Also, the greatest NPK uptake and protein content of
grains recorded with the same treatment. What worth to be mentioned for later crop (wheat), combined
between bacterial strains and alternative natural minerals gave significant enhance in the different
parameters. On other hand, two bacterial strains had high potential to be used as biocontrol agents,
because dual inoculation whether with chemical or with natural mineral fertilizers reduces both ear rot
disease incidence and severity of maize plants and the same pronounced decrease of black point index,
black point grains and black point seed/spike disease characters of wheat. It worth to be mentioned that
when treating soil with rocks combined bacterial strains increased available P and K in the soil postharvest
of maize and enhanced P and K availability post-harvest of wheat.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 996-1013 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.65
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Effect of Coating and Wrapping on Postharvest Quality of Manfalouty Pomegranate
Fruits under Cold Storage
Masoud A.A.B., Fatma Alzhraa M. Hamdy, Mohamed. M. EL-Akkad, Rashad A.
Ibrahim and Eman A.A. Abou-Zaid
ABSTRACT:
The study was performed to evaluate the influence of coating and wrapping treatments used singly or
in combination on improving postharvest quality of Manfalouty pomegranate cultivar during 2019 and
2020 seasons. Fruits were coated with any of turmeric oil or ginger oil at 10% and wrapped with waxed
paper then stored under cold conditions at (7°C) with R.H 85-90% and analyzed at 2-week intervals to
study the changes in physical and chemical quality of fruits. The obtained results revealed that by
prolong storage period all the studied fruit properties (fruit weight loss %, fruit decay %, total soluble
solids % and reducing sugar %) were increased significantly. However, total acidity % was decreased.
All tested treatments had a significant effect on reducing changes in the above mentioned quality
parameters but the coating with essential oils, when combined with waxed paper surpassed other
treatments in controlling weight and decay. Also, the highest content of total acidity and the lowest
percentage of total soluble solids and reducing sugar were recorded in fruits treated with essential oils
when combined with waxed paper. Therefore, it could be recommended to use turmeric and ginger
essential oils coating in combination with the waxed paper wrapping for improving quality and prolong
the storage life of pomegranate fruits. Moreover, the previous treatments can provide a safe and healthy
product as they are an alternative to harmful chemical applications
[ FULL TEXT PDF 1014-1025 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.66
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Economic Importance of Human Development in Egypt
Fatima A. Shafiq, Nagwa M. El-Agroudy, Soheir Mokhtar and Yehia M.M. Khalil
ABSTRACT:
The study conspicuously aimed to identify the concept of human development and how to manage
human resources, as well as to monitor the most important objectives of modern human resources
management and its functions and the effects of human resources management on competitive
advantage. This is in addition to the basic issues that confront management in the field of human
management in order to transform the population increase from being a burden on the shoulders of the
state into an economic resource that is more important than other material resources. Besides, the study
dealt with the importance of human resource development, as well as the difficulties encountered in
resource development, and the challenges facing human development, especially in developing
countries. It also pushes the development train and the need to benefit from the experiences of
international institutions in the educational, economic and social sectors in Egypt, as well as the
following: 1- Paying attention to small industries and their financing and conducting workshops to
increase their efficiency. 2- Paying attention to human resources management, especially government
agencies. 3- Determining work needs to reduce disguised unemployment. 4- Paying attention to
education and curricula since the early stages, with interest in building the child's personality,
identifying his tendencies and trying to develop them. 5- Paying attention to giving training courses to
the workers and seeking help of the experienced to train the youth. Focusing on the importance and role
of human resources as a powerful competitive weapon in light of the fierce global competition has made
leaders, managers and business owners change their view of human resources in organizations from
mere users to partners, and view them as strategic and important assets that are more valuable than other
capital assets in business organizations.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 1026-1030 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.67
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Potassium Sources and Its Effect on the Yield and Quality of Maize Crop under
Fertigation in Sandy Soil
Reda E. Essa, Soad M. El-Ashry, Foukia E. Mouafi and Manal F. Mohammed
ABSTRACT: Improving the production and quality of maize crops is the fundamental objective of farmers. A during
the two seasons 2018 and 2019 field tests were directed to study the impact of potassium fertilizers on
the development and productivity of fertigated maize variety (Giza 10) in sandy soil in Wadi El-
Natroun, El-Behaira governorate, Egypt. The design of the trial was a split split-plot design in a
randomized full-block concurrence with three replications. The results showed that the addition of
potassium sources significantly increased the growth parameters, yield, and chemical constituents of
the maize variety under fertigation in sandy soil conditions. There was a critical yield contrast between
potassium sulphate and potassium chloride treatments. By and large, the maximum mean values of all
parameters in the prose of study were acquired from the maize variety when the plants were fertilized
by 75 kg/fed potassium sulphate. It could be concluded that at long last, to improve the yield and quality
of maize under irrigation water sandy soil adding potassium sulphate 75 kg/fed with 2-weeks pattern
and it has been powerful to realize some new innovations to improve the productivity of maize in sandy
soil.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 1031-1039 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.68
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Analytical Study Demand for Poultry Meat in Egypt (A Case Study in Qaloubia
Governorate)
Yehia M.M. Khalil, Mahmoud Alaa Abd alaziz, Sabry Badr Abdelmoaty Dabbous
ABSTRACT:
The change in food consumption considered as one of the most prominent problems facing Egypt in the
last 20 year. Change in the food pattern led to an increase in consumption from some food groups at
rates higher than domestic production. This led to the widening of the food gap in some food groups.
The problem of the study is the rise in the prices of production requirements for poultry as a result of
the high exchange rate and consequently the consumer price was affected until he became unable to
buy the poultry commodity that works to reduce the gap in animal protein for individuals in rural and
urban areas. A cross-sectional survey to find out whether the food is a necessary commodity or a luxury
commodity for the income groups in urban and rural areas. 200 questionnaire forms were collected for
the income groups (less than 2000 pounds) (2000-6000 pounds) (more than 6000 pounds) using Google
for text from. A study of the equations of the general time trend of the consumed quantity of poultry
during the period (2005-2020) revealed that there is a statistically significant annual increase
representing 4.1% of the average poultry production of about 1113 thousand tons, while the annual
growth rate in poultry consumption represents about 4.96% of the average Of the domestic consumption
of about 1518 thousand tons, while the annual rate of increase per person represents about 3.03% of the
average per person per year of 14 kilograms. As for self-sufficiency, the annual rate decreases by about
0.92% of the average self-sufficiency rate of 95% for the average period. It was found from the results
of the price elasticity’s of demand that it is negative, that is, it reflects the inverse relationship between
the quantity of poultry consumed and its price, and that it is greater than the correct one for the first
category (individual income is less than 2000 Egyptian pounds), which means that the relative change
in price is greater than the relative change in quantity, while it was found that the elasticity of demand
The price per capita consumption of poultry for the second and third categories of individual income
(2000-6000 EGP), (more than 6000 EGP) Less than the correct one, which indicates that the demand
for the consumed quantity of poultry is inelastic. While the internal elasticity of demand for poultry
shows that it is less than one, which means that demand is inelastic and that poultry is a necessary
commodity for all groups in the urban and rural areas of the sample and that the sign is positive and this
means that the poultry commodity is a normal commodity. As for the cross elasticity, which is the
relationship between the change in quantity Consumed poultry and the change in the price of red meat
The study recommends the provision of animal protein at prices suitable for the income of the Egyptian
consumer. Attention should be paid to providing the requirements of the poultry industry locally, while
upgrading the establishment of farms with modern technologies and capacity effluents that reduce
production costs and work on overflowing and improving the marketing property, which positively
affects the ability of individuals to provide cheap and good animal protein
[ FULL TEXT PDF 1040-1044 ] DOI: 10.36632/mejar/2021.10.3.69
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