Assessment of the Potential Anti-diabetic, Anti-Alzheimer, and Anti-inflammatory activities of Amphora coffeaeformis Extracts, in vitro Study

Abstract

Our study aimed to evaluate the in vitro biological efficacy of various extracts of Amphora coffeaeformis against disease-causing enzymes. The key active phytochemicals level (total polyphenolic compounds, total condensed tannins, and total flavonoid content) was quantified in all extracts. Antioxidant activity, as indicated by total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and iron reducing power (IRP), was assessed along with the ability to scavenge 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'- azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and nitric oxide (NO) radicals. The antidiabetic potential was determined by measuring the inhibitory effects of each extract on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Anti-Alzheimer's activity was evaluated by calculating the inhibition percentage of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Anti-arthritic properties were assessed by measuring the inhibition percentage of protein denaturation and proteinase activity. Additionally, the in vitro antiinflammatory effects were evaluated by measuring the inhibition percentage of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Cytotoxicity was tested against human hepatocellular (HepG-2), colon carcinoma (Caco-2), and lung cancer (A549) cells, and the enzymatic activity of each extract on caspase-3 and Bcl-2 within these cancer cells was quantified. The results showed that the methanolic extract of A. coffeaeformis had the highest concentration of active phytochemicals, followed by acetone and ethyl acetate extracts. Consequently, it exhibited the highest
antioxidant, scavenging, anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities, supported by increased caspase-3 activity and decreased Bcl-2 levels in the cancer cells studied. The ethyl acetate extract of A. coffeaeformis showed the lowest in vitro biological activities. In summary, the methanolic extract of A. coffeaeformis demonstrated the highest in vitro biological activities, followed by acetone and ethyl acetate extracts.